{"id":15226,"date":"2018-03-05T19:26:00","date_gmt":"2018-03-05T19:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/2018\/03\/05\/miracle-of-hemophilia-drugs-comes-at-a-steep-price\/"},"modified":"2018-03-05T19:26:00","modified_gmt":"2018-03-05T19:26:00","slug":"miracle-of-hemophilia-drugs-comes-at-a-steep-price","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/miracle-of-hemophilia-drugs-comes-at-a-steep-price\/","title":{"rendered":"Miracle Of Hemophilia Drugs Comes At A Steep Price"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-style:italic;font-size:16px\">By  <a class=\"colorbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2018\/03\/05\/589469361\/miracle-of-hemophilia-drugs-comes-at-a-steep-price?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=healthcare\">Jenny Gold<\/a><\/span>  <\/p>\n<div class=\"ftpimagefix\" style=\"float:left\"><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2018\/03\/05\/589469361\/miracle-of-hemophilia-drugs-comes-at-a-steep-price?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=healthcare\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-3_custom-fc483b22879e48f82def075b69bb8ab135aa6a49-s1100-c15.jpg\" alt><\/p>\n<div><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-3_enl-fc483b22879e48f82def075b69bb8ab135aa6a49-s1200.jpg\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-3_enl-fc483b22879e48f82def075b69bb8ab135aa6a49-s1200.jpg\">Enlarge this image<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\n                Jessica Morris prepares to inject a blood-clotting protein into son Landon&#8217;s arm at their home in Yuba City, Calif.<\/p>\n<p>                <b><\/p>\n<p>                    Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>                <\/b><b><b>hide caption<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><b>toggle caption<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<p>        Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>When Landon Morris was diagnosed with hemophilia shortly after birth, his mother, Jessica Morris, was devastated. &#8220;It was like having your dreams \u2014 all the dreams you imagined for your child \u2014 just kind of disappear,&#8221; she recalled.<\/p>\n<p>Hemophilia, a rare bleeding disorder caused by a gene mutation that prevents blood from clotting properly, is typically passed from mother to son. Morris&#8217; grandfather had it, and she remembered hearing how painful it was. &#8220;It was almost like he was bubble-wrapped,&#8221; she said. &#8220;He was coddled, because his mom didn&#8217;t want him to get hurt.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>But Landon&#8217;s life turned out to be much different than she expected.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;He&#8217;s wild. He&#8217;s probably sometimes the roughest of them all,&#8221; she said, as she watched the 6-year-old race around a park in Yuba City, Calif., where the family lives. &#8220;He leads a totally normal life. He plays T-ball. He&#8217;ll start soccer in the fall. He runs and jumps and wrestles with his brothers.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/03\/02\/hemophilia-7_custom-dca0da73aeceab643c0963cbb4c6ba01213b17c7-s1100-c15.jpg\" alt><\/p>\n<div><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/03\/02\/hemophilia-7_enl-225932ac5b7e3a4ab2d53446e3ba6cb8beae3a21-s1200.jpg\">Enlarge this image<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\n                Landon Morris plays in the pool with his brothers. &#8220;He runs and jumps and wrestles with his brothers,&#8221; says his mom, Jessica Morris.<\/p>\n<p>                <b><\/p>\n<p>                    Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>                <\/b><b><b>hide caption<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><b>toggle caption<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<p>        Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>His active approach to life is made possible by his medication \u2014 the kind that wasn&#8217;t available in his grandfather&#8217;s day. For the Morris family, this type of drug \u2014 broadly known as clotting factor \u2014 is a miracle, helping Landon&#8217;s blood clot normally. And its cost is almost entirely covered by his father&#8217;s federal employee health plan.<\/p>\n<aside>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<p>But for the health care system, such drugs are enormously expensive, among the priciest in the nation. Medications to treat hemophilia cost an average of more than $270,000 annually per patient, according to a 2015 <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/californiahealthline.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/02\/express-scripts-2015-commercial-dtr.pdf\">Express Scripts report<\/a>. If complications arise, that yearly price tag can soar above $1 million. The U.S. hemophilia drug market<strong>, <\/strong>which serves about 20,000 patients, is worth $4.6 billion a year, according to the investment research firm AllianceBernstein.<\/p>\n<p>Examining the stubbornly high cost of these medications opens a window into why some prescription drugs the United States \u2014 especially those for rare diseases \u2014 have stratospheric prices. The short answer: Competition doesn&#8217;t do its traditional job of tamping down costs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vying For Patients<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The market for hemophilia medicines in the United States is flooded with <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5479262\/\">28 different<\/a> drugs, with another<a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hemophilia.ca\/en\/safe%E2%80%94secure-blood-supply\/products-in-the-pipeline\/\"> 21 drugs in development<\/a>. Blood factor drugs are biological products \u2014 in this case, a protein \u2014 and there are no cheaper <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.centerforbiosimilars.com\/news\/biosimilars-for-hemophilia-therapies-are-they-likely\">copies, called biosimilars<\/a>, available. Not only do prices rise steadily as each new product comes on the market, demand is growing \u2014 and pushing costs upward \u2014 as more and more clotting factor is used to prevent bleeding episodes, not just to treat them.<\/p>\n<p>Yet competition has not brought prices down in the way someone &#8220;operating at the level of undergrad Econ 101 would expect,&#8221; said Jerry Avorn, a professor at Harvard Medical School who studies prescription drug costs.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-4_custom-196cd050d0bfc7a1ed34ad6066fb4890dc908090-s1100-c15.jpg\" alt><\/p>\n<div><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-4_enl-196cd050d0bfc7a1ed34ad6066fb4890dc908090-s1200.jpg\">Enlarge this image<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\n                Jessica Morris injects son Landon with a blood-clotting factor three times a week.<\/p>\n<p>                <b><\/p>\n<p>                    Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>                <\/b><b><b>hide caption<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><b>toggle caption<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<p>        Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The problem is that companies have no incentive to lower prices. Patients generally don&#8217;t push back because insurers pay the bulk of the cost. And insurers tend not to object because the market for the drugs \u2014 expensive as they are \u2014 is small and the patients are especially vulnerable.<\/p>\n<p>For drug companies, Avorn said, &#8220;it&#8217;s a magical formula: Lifesaving drug, child at risk of bleeding to death \u2014 it kind of casts anybody who looks at costs into the role of some evil Scrooge-like person.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The insurers don&#8217;t want to end up on the front page of the newspaper saying Little Timmy bled to death because his drug wasn&#8217;t covered,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n<p>Also, because prices are high across the hemophilia market, no drug company wants to be the one to blink first. &#8220;They don&#8217;t want to get a price war started and end up at a super low price point,&#8221; said Edmund Pezalla, a consultant to pharmaceutical companies and former executive at Aetna.<\/p>\n<p>So, these drugmakers compete not on price but clinical benefits \u2014 such as how long the drugs&#8217; effects last \u2014 and through intensive marketing. The pool of potential customers is so valuable that companies often vie directly for individual patients.<\/p>\n<p>Manufacturers, as well as specialty pharmacies that sell the drugs, <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosmedicine\/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001996&amp;utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A%20plosmedicine%2FNewArticles%20(PLOS%20Medicine%20-%20New%20Articles)\">hire patients<\/a> and parents as recruiters and advisers, hold dinners and holiday parties, offer scholarships to patients and even run summer camps for children with the disease. The Morris family regularly receives such invitations.<\/p>\n<p><!-- END ID=\"RES590928351\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP INTERNALLINK INSETTWOCOLUMN INSET2COL \" --><\/p>\n<p>Dr. Jonathan Ducore, a pediatric hematologist-oncologist at the <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu\/hemophilia\/our_team.html\">UC Davis Hemophilia Treatment Center<\/a> in Sacramento, said some of his patients are persuaded by drug company presentations to switch medications. &#8220;But the real differences between the drugs are limited,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n<p>Ducore tells his patients if he thinks they are being misled by drugmakers about what a product will do. &#8220;But even though the tactics may seem a little smarmy, if it&#8217;s the patient&#8217;s choice, you have to go with it,&#8221; said Ducore, who has been Landon&#8217;s doctor since the boy was born.<\/p>\n<p>The first clotting factor products, which came onto the market in the mid-1960s, were derived from human blood plasma, with thousands of donations combined to create one batch. This proved disastrous in the 1980s, when donors unwittingly spread HIV into the blood supply. An estimated <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2917149\/\">4,000 people with hemophilia <\/a>\u2014 about 40 percent of the patient population in the U.S. \u2014 died from AIDS as a result.<\/p>\n<p>In the 1990s, manufacturers introduced a product that did not carry the disease risk of plasma-based drugs \u2014 made by cloning human clotting proteins in animal cells. Companies charged a premium for this ever-more-popular &#8220;recombinant factor.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Recombinant factor is difficult and delicate to make, said Steve Garger, a development scientist at Bayer, which produces two popular factor products at its Berkeley, Calif., plant \u2014 including Landon Morris&#8217; drug, Kogenate.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-2_custom-baebb910081e84799cad5cdb2b9236aa41da3123-s1100-c15.jpg\" alt><\/p>\n<div><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-2_enl-7472464f6dc03617f9d6d4bad3f7f5342f91c077-s1200.jpg\">Enlarge this image<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\n                Vials of Bayer&#8217;s Kogenate, a factor VIII product, at the company&#8217;s factory in Berkeley, Calif.<\/p>\n<p>                <b><\/p>\n<p>                    Eric Kayne for Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>                <\/b><b><b>hide caption<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><b>toggle caption<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<p>        Eric Kayne for Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Inside a concrete building on the campus, kidney cells from baby hamsters are grown in stainless-steel vessels called bioreactors, and the clotting factor they produce is then purified in steel tanks kept in cold rooms. Working at full capacity, this factory produces less than a pound of clotting factor each year \u2014 but when diluted with other ingredients, it&#8217;s enough to treat thousands of patients in 80 countries.<\/p>\n<p>The investment in manufacturing and marketing is only part of the reason for the high cost of the drugs, said Kevin O&#8217;Leary, vice president of pricing and contracting at Bayer. Bayer does not simply add up the costs, slap on a profit margin and come up with the price, O&#8217;Leary explained.<\/p>\n<p>Instead, he said, the company begins by talking to insurers, doctors and patients to get a sense of what value its products bring to the market, especially compared to drugs already available. Bayer then sets a price based on both its investment and the product&#8217;s perceived worth. In the end, he said, &#8220;we&#8217;re charging a price that&#8217;s competitive with the other factor products on the market.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Bayer&#8217;s annual sales from its hemophilia drugs were <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.annualreport2016.bayer.com\/\">1.66 billion euros in 2016<\/a>, the equivalent of $2 billion in the U.S.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pushing Back On Costs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In Europe, hemophilia drugs cost less than half what they cost in the U.S. That&#8217;s because payers \u2014 usually governments \u2014 request bids and pick products based on cost and quality.<\/p>\n<p>Without pushback from insurers in the U.S., &#8220;the price of any drug in the U.S. is whatever the market will bear as seen by the manufacturer,&#8221; said Avorn of Harvard.<\/p>\n<p>Recently, a few insurance companies have quietly started to push back on costs. Bayer&#8217;s O&#8217;Leary said several insurers have approached the company and demanded rebates in exchange for offering the drug to their customers. O&#8217;Leary would not discuss the details because he said the contracts are confidential.<\/p>\n<p><!-- END ID=\"RES589561669\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP INTERNALLINK INSETTWOCOLUMN INSET2COL \" --><\/p>\n<p>State Medicaid programs, which provide health insurance to low-income Americans and cover about half of hemophilia patients, already receive significant rebates from hemophilia drug manufacturers.<\/p>\n<p>Michelle Rice, a senior vice president at the National Hemophilia Foundation, said she has been working with several insurers to help them manage costs safely. &#8220;We understand the need to control costs, but they can&#8217;t impede access to the product a patient needs,&#8221; she said.<\/p>\n<p>It is not yet clear whether such efforts will work, let alone spread.<\/p>\n<p>Sitting at a picnic bench at a park, Jessica Morris pages through Landon&#8217;s insurance documents. Over the past year, his care cost over $120,000. She wonders sometimes what would happen if they lost their coverage.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;How much would you be willing to pay to have your child lead a normal life?&#8221; she said. &#8220;I don&#8217;t think that there&#8217;s anything we wouldn&#8217;t pay or sacrifice for him.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s a problem she prays they&#8217;ll never have to face.<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/khn.org\/about-us\">Kaiser Health News<\/a><em>is a nonprofit news service covering health issues. It is an editorially independent program of the <\/em><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kff.org\/\">Kaiser Family Foundation<\/a><em>that is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blockads.fivefilters.org\/\">Let&#8217;s block ads!<\/a><\/strong> <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blockads.fivefilters.org\/acceptable.html\">(Why?)<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Source:: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2018\/03\/05\/589469361\/miracle-of-hemophilia-drugs-comes-at-a-steep-price?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=healthcare\" class=\"colorbox\" title=\"Miracle Of Hemophilia Drugs Comes At A Steep Price\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2018\/03\/05\/589469361\/miracle-of-hemophilia-drugs-comes-at-a-steep-price?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=healthcare<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"ftpimagefix\" style=\"float:left\"><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2018\/03\/05\/589469361\/miracle-of-hemophilia-drugs-comes-at-a-steep-price?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=healthcare\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-3_custom-fc483b22879e48f82def075b69bb8ab135aa6a49-s1100-c15.jpg\" alt><\/p>\n<div><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-3_enl-fc483b22879e48f82def075b69bb8ab135aa6a49-s1200.jpg\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-3_enl-fc483b22879e48f82def075b69bb8ab135aa6a49-s1200.jpg\">Enlarge this image<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\n                Jessica Morris prepares to inject a blood-clotting protein into son Landon&#8217;s arm at their home in Yuba City, Calif.<\/p>\n<p>                <b><\/p>\n<p>                    Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>                <\/b><b><b>hide caption<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><b>toggle caption<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<p>        Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>When Landon Morris was diagnosed with hemophilia shortly after birth, his mother, Jessica Morris, was devastated. &#8220;It was like having your dreams \u2014 all the dreams you imagined for your child \u2014 just kind of disappear,&#8221; she recalled.<\/p>\n<p>Hemophilia, a rare bleeding disorder caused by a gene mutation that prevents blood from clotting properly, is typically passed from mother to son. Morris&#8217; grandfather had it, and she remembered hearing how painful it was. &#8220;It was almost like he was bubble-wrapped,&#8221; she said. &#8220;He was coddled, because his mom didn&#8217;t want him to get hurt.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>But Landon&#8217;s life turned out to be much different than she expected.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;He&#8217;s wild. He&#8217;s probably sometimes the roughest of them all,&#8221; she said, as she watched the 6-year-old race around a park in Yuba City, Calif., where the family lives. &#8220;He leads a totally normal life. He plays T-ball. He&#8217;ll start soccer in the fall. He runs and jumps and wrestles with his brothers.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/03\/02\/hemophilia-7_custom-dca0da73aeceab643c0963cbb4c6ba01213b17c7-s1100-c15.jpg\" alt><\/p>\n<div><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/03\/02\/hemophilia-7_enl-225932ac5b7e3a4ab2d53446e3ba6cb8beae3a21-s1200.jpg\">Enlarge this image<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\n                Landon Morris plays in the pool with his brothers. &#8220;He runs and jumps and wrestles with his brothers,&#8221; says his mom, Jessica Morris.<\/p>\n<p>                <b><\/p>\n<p>                    Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>                <\/b><b><b>hide caption<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><b>toggle caption<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<p>        Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>His active approach to life is made possible by his medication \u2014 the kind that wasn&#8217;t available in his grandfather&#8217;s day. For the Morris family, this type of drug \u2014 broadly known as clotting factor \u2014 is a miracle, helping Landon&#8217;s blood clot normally. And its cost is almost entirely covered by his father&#8217;s federal employee health plan.<\/p>\n<aside>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<p>But for the health care system, such drugs are enormously expensive, among the priciest in the nation. Medications to treat hemophilia cost an average of more than $270,000 annually per patient, according to a 2015 <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/californiahealthline.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/02\/express-scripts-2015-commercial-dtr.pdf\">Express Scripts report<\/a>. If complications arise, that yearly price tag can soar above $1 million. The U.S. hemophilia drug market<strong>, <\/strong>which serves about 20,000 patients, is worth $4.6 billion a year, according to the investment research firm AllianceBernstein.<\/p>\n<p>Examining the stubbornly high cost of these medications opens a window into why some prescription drugs the United States \u2014 especially those for rare diseases \u2014 have stratospheric prices. The short answer: Competition doesn&#8217;t do its traditional job of tamping down costs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Vying For Patients<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The market for hemophilia medicines in the United States is flooded with <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5479262\/\">28 different<\/a> drugs, with another<a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hemophilia.ca\/en\/safe%E2%80%94secure-blood-supply\/products-in-the-pipeline\/\"> 21 drugs in development<\/a>. Blood factor drugs are biological products \u2014 in this case, a protein \u2014 and there are no cheaper <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.centerforbiosimilars.com\/news\/biosimilars-for-hemophilia-therapies-are-they-likely\">copies, called biosimilars<\/a>, available. Not only do prices rise steadily as each new product comes on the market, demand is growing \u2014 and pushing costs upward \u2014 as more and more clotting factor is used to prevent bleeding episodes, not just to treat them.<\/p>\n<p>Yet competition has not brought prices down in the way someone &#8220;operating at the level of undergrad Econ 101 would expect,&#8221; said Jerry Avorn, a professor at Harvard Medical School who studies prescription drug costs.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-4_custom-196cd050d0bfc7a1ed34ad6066fb4890dc908090-s1100-c15.jpg\" alt><\/p>\n<div><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-4_enl-196cd050d0bfc7a1ed34ad6066fb4890dc908090-s1200.jpg\">Enlarge this image<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\n                Jessica Morris injects son Landon with a blood-clotting factor three times a week.<\/p>\n<p>                <b><\/p>\n<p>                    Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>                <\/b><b><b>hide caption<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><b>toggle caption<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<p>        Heidi de Marco\/Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The problem is that companies have no incentive to lower prices. Patients generally don&#8217;t push back because insurers pay the bulk of the cost. And insurers tend not to object because the market for the drugs \u2014 expensive as they are \u2014 is small and the patients are especially vulnerable.<\/p>\n<p>For drug companies, Avorn said, &#8220;it&#8217;s a magical formula: Lifesaving drug, child at risk of bleeding to death \u2014 it kind of casts anybody who looks at costs into the role of some evil Scrooge-like person.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The insurers don&#8217;t want to end up on the front page of the newspaper saying Little Timmy bled to death because his drug wasn&#8217;t covered,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n<p>Also, because prices are high across the hemophilia market, no drug company wants to be the one to blink first. &#8220;They don&#8217;t want to get a price war started and end up at a super low price point,&#8221; said Edmund Pezalla, a consultant to pharmaceutical companies and former executive at Aetna.<\/p>\n<p>So, these drugmakers compete not on price but clinical benefits \u2014 such as how long the drugs&#8217; effects last \u2014 and through intensive marketing. The pool of potential customers is so valuable that companies often vie directly for individual patients.<\/p>\n<p>Manufacturers, as well as specialty pharmacies that sell the drugs, <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosmedicine\/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001996&amp;utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A%20plosmedicine%2FNewArticles%20(PLOS%20Medicine%20-%20New%20Articles)\">hire patients<\/a> and parents as recruiters and advisers, hold dinners and holiday parties, offer scholarships to patients and even run summer camps for children with the disease. The Morris family regularly receives such invitations.<\/p>\n<p><!-- END ID=\"RES590928351\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP INTERNALLINK INSETTWOCOLUMN INSET2COL \" --><\/p>\n<p>Dr. Jonathan Ducore, a pediatric hematologist-oncologist at the <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu\/hemophilia\/our_team.html\">UC Davis Hemophilia Treatment Center<\/a> in Sacramento, said some of his patients are persuaded by drug company presentations to switch medications. &#8220;But the real differences between the drugs are limited,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n<p>Ducore tells his patients if he thinks they are being misled by drugmakers about what a product will do. &#8220;But even though the tactics may seem a little smarmy, if it&#8217;s the patient&#8217;s choice, you have to go with it,&#8221; said Ducore, who has been Landon&#8217;s doctor since the boy was born.<\/p>\n<p>The first clotting factor products, which came onto the market in the mid-1960s, were derived from human blood plasma, with thousands of donations combined to create one batch. This proved disastrous in the 1980s, when donors unwittingly spread HIV into the blood supply. An estimated <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2917149\/\">4,000 people with hemophilia <\/a>\u2014 about 40 percent of the patient population in the U.S. \u2014 died from AIDS as a result.<\/p>\n<p>In the 1990s, manufacturers introduced a product that did not carry the disease risk of plasma-based drugs \u2014 made by cloning human clotting proteins in animal cells. Companies charged a premium for this ever-more-popular &#8220;recombinant factor.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Recombinant factor is difficult and delicate to make, said Steve Garger, a development scientist at Bayer, which produces two popular factor products at its Berkeley, Calif., plant \u2014 including Landon Morris&#8217; drug, Kogenate.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-2_custom-baebb910081e84799cad5cdb2b9236aa41da3123-s1100-c15.jpg\" alt><\/p>\n<div><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2018\/02\/28\/hemophilia-2_enl-7472464f6dc03617f9d6d4bad3f7f5342f91c077-s1200.jpg\">Enlarge this image<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\n                Vials of Bayer&#8217;s Kogenate, a factor VIII product, at the company&#8217;s factory in Berkeley, Calif.<\/p>\n<p>                <b><\/p>\n<p>                    Eric Kayne for Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>                <\/b><b><b>hide caption<\/b><\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><b><b>toggle caption<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n<p><span><\/p>\n<p>        Eric Kayne for Kaiser Health News<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Inside a concrete building on the campus, kidney cells from baby hamsters are grown in stainless-steel vessels called bioreactors, and the clotting factor they produce is then purified in steel tanks kept in cold rooms. Working at full capacity, this factory produces less than a pound of clotting factor each year \u2014 but when diluted with other ingredients, it&#8217;s enough to treat thousands of patients in 80 countries.<\/p>\n<p>The investment in manufacturing and marketing is only part of the reason for the high cost of the drugs, said Kevin O&#8217;Leary, vice president of pricing and contracting at Bayer. Bayer does not simply add up the costs, slap on a profit margin and come up with the price, O&#8217;Leary explained.<\/p>\n<p>Instead, he said, the company begins by talking to insurers, doctors and patients to get a sense of what value its products bring to the market, especially compared to drugs already available. Bayer then sets a price based on both its investment and the product&#8217;s perceived worth. In the end, he said, &#8220;we&#8217;re charging a price that&#8217;s competitive with the other factor products on the market.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Bayer&#8217;s annual sales from its hemophilia drugs were <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.annualreport2016.bayer.com\/\">1.66 billion euros in 2016<\/a>, the equivalent of $2 billion in the U.S.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pushing Back On Costs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In Europe, hemophilia drugs cost less than half what they cost in the U.S. That&#8217;s because payers \u2014 usually governments \u2014 request bids and pick products based on cost and quality.<\/p>\n<p>Without pushback from insurers in the U.S., &#8220;the price of any drug in the U.S. is whatever the market will bear as seen by the manufacturer,&#8221; said Avorn of Harvard.<\/p>\n<p>Recently, a few insurance companies have quietly started to push back on costs. Bayer&#8217;s O&#8217;Leary said several insurers have approached the company and demanded rebates in exchange for offering the drug to their customers. O&#8217;Leary would not discuss the details because he said the contracts are confidential.<\/p>\n<p><!-- END ID=\"RES589561669\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP INTERNALLINK INSETTWOCOLUMN INSET2COL \" --><\/p>\n<p>State Medicaid programs, which provide health insurance to low-income Americans and cover about half of hemophilia patients, already receive significant rebates from hemophilia drug manufacturers.<\/p>\n<p>Michelle Rice, a senior vice president at the National Hemophilia Foundation, said she has been working with several insurers to help them manage costs safely. &#8220;We understand the need to control costs, but they can&#8217;t impede access to the product a patient needs,&#8221; she said.<\/p>\n<p>It is not yet clear whether such efforts will work, let alone spread.<\/p>\n<p>Sitting at a picnic bench at a park, Jessica Morris pages through Landon&#8217;s insurance documents. Over the past year, his care cost over $120,000. She wonders sometimes what would happen if they lost their coverage.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;How much would you be willing to pay to have your child lead a normal life?&#8221; she said. &#8220;I don&#8217;t think that there&#8217;s anything we wouldn&#8217;t pay or sacrifice for him.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s a problem she prays they&#8217;ll never have to face.<\/p>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/khn.org\/about-us\">Kaiser Health News<\/a><em>is a nonprofit news service covering health issues. It is an editorially independent program of the <\/em><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kff.org\/\">Kaiser Family Foundation<\/a><em>that is not affiliated with Kaiser Permanente.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blockads.fivefilters.org\/\">Let&#8217;s block ads!<\/a><\/strong> <a class=\"colorbox\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blockads.fivefilters.org\/acceptable.html\">(Why?)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15226","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15226","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15226"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15226\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15226"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15226"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.us\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15226"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}